In the midst of the hottest time of year in Wisconsin, UW School of Veterinary Medicine experts provide tips on how to keep horses and livestock cool, comfortable, and safe.
By Simran Khanuja
We’re in the midst of what is typically the hottest time of year in Wisconsin, which can be a cause for concern when it comes to the care, comfort, and safety of horses and livestock.
“People forget that heat exhaustion isn’t just a western or southern problem anymore,” says Sabrina Brounts, professor of large animal surgery at the School of Veterinary Medicine. “Any horse, anywhere in the U.S., can be affected.”
Heat stress in large animals often begins with subtle signs. Early indicators include elevated body temperature, heart rate, and breathing, says Ryan Breuer, clinical associate professor of large animal internal medicine. Animals may show signs of dehydration, and may pant, extend their necks, or sweat excessively. In some horses, a complete lack of sweat (a condition known as anhidrosis) can occur. Behavioral changes, such as eating less or crowding around water and shade, are also warning signs. If not addressed quickly, these symptoms can escalate into serious complications.
“Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and respiratory changes, among other risks, can lead to hypovolemic shock or multi-organ failure,” Breuer explains.
In ruminants including cattle, goats, and sheep, heat may trigger digestive shutdown or acidosis. Horses working in extreme heat are also at risk for exertional rhabdomyolysis, a breakdown of muscle that can damage the kidneys. Other dangers include reproductive issues, weakened immune function, and sudden death.
“Move the animal to a shaded, well-ventilated area and provide cool, clean water as soon as you notice signs,” Breuer says. “In severe cases, contact your veterinarian right away.”
To prevent heat stress, Breuer recommends ensuring animals have constant access to water and shade and avoiding activity during the hottest parts of the day.
“Early morning or evening hours are safest,” he says. “It’s important to let animals rest and to provide some form of heat abatement during peak heat hours.”
Additional precautions include good ventilation in enclosed spaces such as barns and trailers and feeding a diet that supports hydration and energy. Animals with dark coats, thick fleece, or existing health conditions may need extra care.
“At the UW Veterinary Care Large Animal Hospital, we encourage large animal owners to work closely with their primary care and/or herd veterinarians when there are concerns regarding heat-associated health issues,” Breuer says. “Acting quickly at the first signs of heat stress, and taking daily preventative steps, can go a long way in keeping animals safe, healthy and comfortable all summer long.”